Top-down state regulations
State regulations are directed primarily to the companies with significant market power. These firms need to share its information and knowledge in situations where their absence makes it difficult or impossible for other companies to conduct their business (essential facility). The business world has seen many attempts to force companies to share their confidential know-how.
Let's take for example a case IBM vs. Compaq, Digital and Intergraph who wanted IBM to share with them its know-how. The court ruled that cooperation should not interfere with intellectual and industrial property that IBM has developed on its own and which led to leading position in this field. However, this view has subsequently evolved towards wider desirability and acceptability on forced sharing of confidential knowledge (such as Microsoft sharing its proprietary source-code).